Deer Management: Improving White-tailed Deer

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Deer management can be exciting and rewarding, but sometimes confusing. As a result, this site is dedicated to helping you understand how to manage a white-tailed deer herd by giving research-oriented facts and techniques that will improve deer and their habitat. As deer hunting has become more popular across the U.S., both landowners and hunters want to know what they can do to have more and better quality white-tailed deer. Although whitetail are found in a variety of habitats,similar management techniques can be used effectively to improve any deer herd. Whether it be habitat enhancement, supplemental feeding, deer surveys, or anything else related to herd improvement, this site can help you progress with an effective deer management program!

Deer Management Overview

Let’s face it, you are here because most landowners and deer hunters want a high-quality white-tailed deer herd on their property. The social emphasis on quality deer combined with the economics of hunting have caused a marked increase in the number of individuals interested in deer management. And for good reason! White-tailed deer are amazing creatures because of the diversity of habitats they can survive in, their smarts, and the fact that they also make great tablefare. Deer habitat varies greatly across the United States,but the techniques that can be used to improve and manage a deer herd remain the same from area to area. Although each situation is different and requires special considerations,general guidelines can be followed which will lead to a better deer management program–and better deer hunting for you.

When it comes to deer management, it is really about habitat management. Producing quality deer involves enhancing and maintaining high-quality deer habitat that provides both food and cover. Without adequate escape cover, you will not hold deer on your property. And without proper whitetail food, deer will never achieve the quality you desire. Not only can deer density impact the body condition of individual animals, but even your buck to doe ratio can effect herd dynamics. If this sounds new to you, then you have stumbled into the right place. That’s because this site is focused on helping dedicated landowners and sportsmen better manage the deer habitat and deer herds found on their lands.

As you will notice across the top menu, topics on the Deer Management site cover the necessary components for a healthy deer herd that will help you produce and maintain more and better trophy whitetail bucks! You do not need to buy expensive breeder bucks to have bigger bucks than you ever thought possible. There are no secrets to producing a healthy deer herd and high-quality bucks. However, it’s not always easy. Improving a deer herd requires a good amount of time and a fair amount of work. But if you are dedicated to your deer management program, then installing food plots, performing deer surveys, learning key whitetail plants, enhancing habitat, and selectively harvesting deer will help you achieve your goal.

White-tailed deer eat a variety of plants and different plants become important during different times of the year. As for any wildlife species to thrive, the most important seasons for deer are the seasons in which they are stressed–summer and winter. It is during these two periods that whitetail have the least amount of food available to them. Of course, summer stress is not nearly as hard at northern latitudes (such as the mid-west), just as winter stress is not nearly as tough at southern latitudes (such as Texas). Why do I mention food resources, stress, and earlier talked about body condition? Well, as you will learn, body condition of both bucks and does is the most important component of your deer herd.

Individual white-tailed deer body condition is the building blocks of your deer herd. I will not tell you that you need to go out and buy supplemental feed or plant a high-dollar food plot mix, but I will tell you that food is what you must ultimately seek to manage for in order to improve your deer herd. There are a couple way to do this and they are discussed in detail, by topic, on the remainder of the site. As I said earlier, there are no secrets to deer management, but it will take some work.

Cancerous Deer, Not: Deer Warts are Fairly Common

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White-tailed deer can get many types of deer diseases. Whether caused by a disease or a virus, some of these ailments can look quite displeasing. A common thing with whitetail is warts. Wart-like growths found on the skin of white-tailed deer and other members of the deer family are fibromas. They are popularly referred to as skin tumors, or simply warts. They are not cancer, but most people imagine cancer as some type of elephant-man like occurrence. Not so. Fibromas, often referred to as deer tumors, can look pretty nasty.

Deer Warts: Whitetail Deer Diseases

Biologist identify the different skin tumors from deer as papillomas, fibromas, or papillofibromas depending upon the type of tissue making up the tumor. However, there is evidence that skin tumors common to whitetail deer are caused by just one type of virus, the papillomavirus, so the term fibroma will be used to refer to all types of warts and tumors. The disease occurs throughout the whitetail’s range in North America.

Deer Management for Whitetail Deer

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Question: “My brothers and I have been whitetail deer hunting together for over two decades now and we, along with some friends, finally have a deer lease that is big enough to implement a whitetail deer management program on. We’ve been on this place for four years now. Our deer lease is 7,000 acres in size and is located in southeast Kansas. We will be starting a feeding program in January and plan on putting eight 300 pound protein feeders on the property. What percent of protein would you suggest for whitetail deer, and can you give me an idea of the amount of antler gain we can expect to see down the road?

Two years ago we have adopted a 3.5 year old minimum buck age and have gone from taking bucks in the 13’0s to bucks in the 150′s. Do you think this is okay or should we raise the minimum deer age or set a minimum antler score? Thanks!”

How to Grow Bigger Bucks: Seletive Deer Hunting for Improvement

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Question: “I have land for deer hunting in Eastern Kansas. I want to grow bigger bucks, but I know that I have several full-rack whitetail bucks that I have seen this hunting season with missing brow tines. Should I remove these deer from my herd? In addition, I am also seeing quite a few spikes, most of them with spikes that are more than 10 inches in length, with decent mass too. Should these bucks be taken or will they grow to be larger bucks in the future? Any deer management info for this situation would be appreciated.”

Response: If you want to produce and grow bigger bucks, then I suggest learning as much as you can about deer management techniques. Manipulation of habitat and selective deer harvest can help by improving age and modifying genetics. Of course, property size is important in how much you can do for the deer in your area. The more property you have, the more you can do to help the animals in your area.

Deer Management in South Texas – What to Shoot?

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Question: “I just received permission to a new South Texas ranch located just outside of Kingsville, Texas. The property owner gave me all the hunting rights to the place and placed the whitetail deer management in my hands. The ranch is 900 acres in size, but 100 acres will be planted to wheat later this week. That field will make serve as a great winter food plot. I have been seeing about 25 doe every time I drive through the ranch and corn the roads.

From my casual observations, there seem to be many more does than bucks. Most of the South Texas properties I have been on in the past have about the same number of bucks and does, but this place is skewed. Because of this, I am thinking about letting my friends and family harvest a few does this season, as well as guiding hunts off the ranch. How many does would you take off this ranch without effecting the buck to doe ratio?”

Whitetail Deer Management: Deer Protein Requirements

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Question: “We are interested in whitetail deer management so as to improve the deer hunting on our property located in Pennsylvania. The subject of feeding protein to deer gets mentioned a lot, and we understand that better deer nutrition leads to more fawns and bigger antlers in bucks. We already do some habitat manipulation to help the deer and we have lots of browse plants. However, we are unsure of whitetail deer protein requirements. Do you think protein is a limiting factor and would our deer would benefit from supplemental foods with high levels of protein?”

Answer: First, understand that most whitetail deer get their nutrition from plants found in their environment. So good job on your current situation. It sounds like your habitat management activities are producing a lot of high quality browse plants for deer. These browse plants are high in protein. Feeding deer, protein or otherwise, gets a lot of attention. The biggest reason is because it is the easiest thing a hunter can do.

Supplemental Feeding of Whitetail for Deer Management

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Question: “We are interested in whitetail deer management and started a supplemental feeding program in January. I am trying to decide whether or not to continue feeding 20% protein pellets past the middle of September. Not sure. Also thinking that we will feed until it rains and then stop, but there are no clouds in sight.

I know of ranches that feed protein pellets year round and even one that is stops in early fall regardless of the habitat conditions on their property. I know supplemental feeding definitely helps the deer, and does still have fawn that they are nursing. Currently feeding protein, whole cotton seed, and some alfalfa hay. Whitetail deer are in good shape right now. What should we do?”

Cactus Bucks Keep Velvet-Covered Antlers Year-Round

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Question: Late last December, one of the guys on my deer hunting lease in located in Brown County, Texas, shot a good looking buck and the antlers were still in full velvet. He called the deer a cactus buck, but the deer did not have testicles. Also, I know that bucks usually shed their velvet in late summer, but this one did not. Would this cactus buck have shed his antlers or not in the spring?

Answer: It sounds like the guy you hunt with did in fact shoot what is referred to as a cactus buck. These bucks are not rare, but they are not abundant either. This “cactus” condition in whitetail bucks that results in antlers remaining in velvet and continuing to grow beyond the normal velvet-losing time of the year. The condition that causes a deer to be a cactus buck is called cryptorchidism.

Blue Tongue and EHD Disease in White-tailed Deer

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Blue Tongue and Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease (EHD) are viral diseases that impacts farmed and free-ranging white-tailed deer. Though Blue Tongue and EHD are distinctly different, these diseased are sometimes impossible to tell apart. In fact, blood tests results are very similar. For the sake of this article, Blue Tongue and EHD will be used interchangeably. This disease is found most often in sheep, but Blue Tongue has also been found in other livestock such as cattle and goats and other wild ungualtes such as pronghorn antelope and whitetail deer.

White-tailed deer populations have been dealing with these diseases for years, but deer populations continue to hold strong. Blue Tongue and EHD outbreaks in the U.S. occur in deer almost yearly at southern latitudes. EHD and Blue Tongue are spread by midges such as flies or gnats. These insect vectors spread the disease when they bite deer. As a result, outbreaks are virtually untreatable and typically run a course on an annual basis, although weather conditions impact the duration and severity of the outbreak.

Deer Habitat Improvement for Whitetail and Other Wildlife

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From coast to coast across the United States, wildlife game species get the most interest of any wildlife. This interest stems from income and recreation to private landowners through hunting, and state and federal agencies are available to help landowners interested in wildlife and habitat management. One of the best-known game species around is white-tailed deer. Deer management and deer habitat improvement are the number one drivers of land owner interest in manipulating plant communities.

Fire is an important management tool that has been almost eliminated from many habitats, but is beginning to make a comeback. Prescribed fire is generally accepted as the most economical habitat management tool available, and it’s a very effective tool for whitetail deer habitat improvement. However, we all are aware of the risks and liabilities of improper use of this tool. Prescribed fire is a great tool for managing deer habitat, but also providing high quality plants for other game and non-game species.

More Bucks on Camera than Does

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Question: We have about 800 acres in Llano County where we have been practicing deer management over the past two years. We just started putting out protein pellets this past winter. I have been checking the game cameras recently and bucks are hammering the protein pellets. In fact, there is a bachelor group of five bucks coming to one particular feeder on the north end of our property every night.

The oldest buck looks to be about 5 1/2 to 6 1/2 years old, which is good to know that we do have some older deer on the place. One thing that does concern me, however, is that we have very few does coming to the protein feeders. Whitetail bucks seem to be dominating all four of our protein feeders, and we just are not seeing as many does as we thought. During the last hunting season, it looked like we had about three does to every buck, but the camera photos are showing more bucks than does. Is this common on other properties?